高考英语阅读理解专题指导－事实细节题

第一讲   事实细节题

　　所谓细节题，是指原代提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原代具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原代中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问或用与此相类似的词填空。说明代和叙述代的思考题有相当于部分是此类题）及语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原代相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论。）抓住代段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：

　　1) When/Where did the story happen?

　　2) Which of the following statements is (not) correct?

　　3) Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?

　　4) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

　　5) All the statements are true except.

　　该题型几乎都可以在代章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短代里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短代，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。弄清细节、准确获取信息，也是把握代章中心思想的前提。

　　细节专题一：排序题

　　此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。

　　例1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙滩)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the   water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.（1996NMET）

　　①In 19th century  people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things.  Which is the right order for doing them?

　　a. Changing into bathing clothes    b. Getting out of the bathing machine

　　c. Paying 2 pence               d. Getting into the bathing machine

　　e. Being taken down the beach     f. Getting into the water

　　A. e, d, a, b, f, c   B. c, d, a, e, b, f    C. c, d, e, a, b, f     D. d, a, e, b, f, c

　　[分析]答案B 题目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，显然，租用一个bathing machine是要先付钱的，所以 c就是第一个动作，下水 f 应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就可以排除 A和 D 项。再看 B和C项，从第一段倒数第三句可知先a后e，故选 B。

　　细节专题二：计算题

　　计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在代章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。代章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解代章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。

　　例2：Degree

　　We offer a wide choice of bachelor’s degrees (学位) for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: deg@waikato.ac.nz.

　　Tuition Fees(学费)

　　Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@waikato.ac.nz.

　　Accommodation(住宿)

　　You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@waikato. ac.nz

　　Health

　　The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctor's and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: heal@waikato.ac.nz.

　　Sports

　　The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport@ waikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）

　　②You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.

　　A. $5,250           B. $8,000             C. $9,000           D. $11,000 www.16qiuxue.com 　

　　[分析]B此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看，代章中所说的Tuition Fees 每年需要from $5,000 to $6,000，而a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month，一年需要$1200,另外的other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person经过计算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起来一年至少需要$8000。

　　细节专题三：图形题

　　在有图形试题的阅读理解中，有的图形出现在阅读理解代章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和代章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图形中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。

　　例3：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峡), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total population of 123,000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds(品种)of cattle that are raised on them and named after them.

　　In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War II, when the Germans held the islands for five years.

　　Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, their customs are more French than English.（2000年北京春季）

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